Environmental Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing

    To analysis the land use change by using GIS The land use change map  for the Year 1990 to 2000, 2000 to 2010, and 1990 to 2010 are created using QGIS . The graph of land use changes for the Year 1990 to 2000, 2000 to 2010, and 1990 to 2010 are drawn by using Microsoft Excel .  Diagram above shows the map of land use change from the year 1990 to 2000. Graph above shows the area change (hectare) of land use change from the year 1990 to 2000. Diagram above shows the map of land use change from the year 2000 to 2010. Graph above shows the area change (hectare) of land use change from the year 2000 to 2010. To get a better visual for soil erosion change for the past 20 years, a map and a graph is drawn.  Diagram above shows the map of land use change from the year 1990 to 2010. Graph above shows the area change (hectare) of land use change from the year 1990 to 2010.      From the graphs, the area of forest is the largest and the orchard has the second largest area no matter from the y

Geographic Coordinate System It is the reference system for locating spatial features on the Earth's surface. It can be defined by longitude ( 0 to 180 degree of east or west ) and latitude ( 0 to 90 degree north and south ). The location of map features can be expressed in x-coordinate and y-coordinate . Earth's shape is not a perfect sphere but is approximately a spheroid, known as an ellipsoid. Map Projection A map projection is a method of representing the three-dimensional surface of the Earth (geographic coordinates on an ellipsoid) onto a two-dimensional map (locations on flat-surface). After projection, at least one of the factors ( size, shape, distance  and  direction ) will be distorted. There is no single "perfect" map projection, as the choice of projection depends on the intended use of the map and the areas of the world that need to be shown accurately. Type of map projection: Conformal projection (preserve angles and shapes) Equivalent projection

Introducing my faculty - Faculty of Forestry and Environment To create a simple map, digitizing is the necessary task that needed to be done. Digitizing a map involves converting the raster image to vector data or layers.      By using the QGIS, the QuickMapServices plugin needed to be installed. This plugin is useful as it provides base maps from many sources such as Google Maps, OpenStreetMap, Bing Maps, and many others.      For this project, Google Satellite is used. A satellite image will be displayed and a new layer is created.     Then,  Lat Lon tools plugin is installed. It is a useful plugin for QGIS that provides additional functionality for handling geographic coordinates such as converting between coordinate formats, displaying coordinates in different formats, calculating distances and bearings, and creating custom grids and reference systems.       To search for the location of my faculty, Google Map is used. The coordinate 3°00'15.8"N 101°42'32.2"E

 Introducing QGIS  It is a free and open-source Geographic Information System . It is a cross-platform desktop GIS tool that allows users to view, modify, and analyse geographical data.  It lets users examine and update geographical data, as well as create and export graphical maps. This is the QGIS page once users open after downloading and installing. To understand the basics of the QGIS user interface The names and functions of: 1. The map canvas the area of red colour displays the map and layers 2. The status bar the area of green colour shows the information about the coordinate system, map scale, magnifier coordinates, map rotation, rendering behaviour and the current CRS (with the EPSG code). 3. The locator bar the area of blue colour can search from layers to tools To familiar with the QGIS interface This is the first lab assessment that after trying to add other layers from the Malaysia boundary shapefile folder and exporting the selected features (selected areas). The d

  These properties affect the context of data display in maps.  Map Design Process: Determine where, what and when of the map will be produced. Choose a scale and map projection. Classify the data and use suitable symbols to represent the features. Choose the map elements properly and implement them. Establish Intellectual Hierarchy. Sketch maps. Construct maps. Intellectual Hierarchy: Most important      -      Thematic symbols and type labels                                         -     Title, subtitle and legend                                         -     Basic information (boundaries, roads, etc.)                                         -     Data source and notes Least important      -     Frame and neat lines

  From the photo above, there are two types of geospatial data: spatial data and attribute data .  Spatial data:  any type of data that can be linked to a specific location or geographic area. Attribute data:  includes a wide range of information that describes characteristics of spatial features. There are two types of spatial data: vector data and raster data. Vector data can be represented by points, lines, and polygons .               Points represent individual locations or features, such as wells, benchmarks, and gravel.              Lines represent linear features, such as roads, rivers, contour lines, and pipelines.               Polygons represent areas, such as the boundaries of a city, a park, water bodies, or a land parcel. Raster data are represented as a grid of cells, where each cell is called a pixel and represents a measurement or observation of a specific variable at a particular location on the Earth's surface.  It is divided into rows and columns.  Eleme

What is GIS? GIS stands for Geographic Information Systems . This system utilises technology to show information about locations on the earth's surface.  Examples of  Geographic Information Technologies: Global Positioning Systems (GPS) It is a satellite-based navigation system that provides location and time information anywhere on or near the Earth. It has numerous applications such as navigation, surveying, mapping, and tracking, among others. Remote Sensing (RS) It is the process of collecting and interpreting information about the environment and the Earth's surface using sensors that are not in direct physical contact with the object or area being studied. Geographic Information Systems (GISy) It is a computer program that is used to collect, store, manage, analyze, and display geographically-referenced data. GIS Application Sector: Local Government Business, Real Estate and Marketing  Public safety, Military and Defense  Natural Resource Exploration  Civil Engineering /